United States of America, Appellee, v. Thomas Henry Logan, Appellant., 434 F.2d 131 (9th Cir. 1970)
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Huntington, Bryans, Harper, Henderson, Burney, Newman & Crawford, San Diego, Cal., for appellant.
Harry D. Steward, U.S. Atty., Phillip W. Johnson, Asst. U.S. Atty., San Diego, Cal., for appellee.
Before HAMLEY and KILKENNY, Circuit Judges, and BYRNE, District judge.*
KILKENNY, Circuit Judge:
In a court trial, after waiver of a jury, appellant was found guilty of violating 18 U.S.C. 1407, attempting to enter the United States after conviction of violation of the marihuana laws of the state of California, without surrendering the certificate required by 1407.
On or about May 26, 1959, appellant was convicted in the Superior Court of the state of California of a violation of the marihuana laws of that state, the penalty for which offense was imprisonment for more than one year. On May 21, 1967, he entered the United States from Mexico at San Ysidro, California. Approximately 30 yards north of the border, while driving his 1958 Buick automobile, appellant was stopped by a United States Customs inspector.
The inspector ascertained that appellant was a citizen of the United States and 'that he was bringing nothing from Mexico.' Appellant did not present to the inspector any registration or certificate required by 1407. A short time later, at a secondary inspection area, a small or insignificant quantity of marihuana was found in the vehicle. The inspector testified that he did not know that appellant was required to register at the time the vehicle was stopped. The trial judge found, among other things, that the inspector had no knowledge that the appellant was one who was required to present a certificate on reentry or while attempting to reenter the United States.
First, appellant argues that the inspector was under an affirmative duty to advise appellant of his duty to register and to assist appellant by supplying a form on which to register.
Appellant feels that United States v. Sansone, 385 F.2d 247 (7th Cir. 1967) and United States v. Jones, 368 F.2d 795 (2nd Cir. 1966), support his position. We believe they are distinguishable. First of all,
In Jones, Canadian officials put defendant on a train which was bound for New York and kept him in custody until the last Canadian stop was reached. Having been alerted by Canadian officials, two United States customs agents boarded the train when it stopped at the first border customs station on the rail line in New York. They already knew that Jones had been convicted of a narcotics offense in 1956 and sentenced to two years in prison. On interrogation, Jones readily admitted that he was the same person that had been so convicted and named the place where he had left the United States for Canada. When asked if he had a registration certificate, he replied that he did not, but claimed that he had no obligation to register since his narcotics conviction stemmed from a crime committed over 10 years prior to that date. Obviously, the Jones' decision, even if sound, is not controlling on our facts. Here, the undisputed evidence is that the inspector had no information that appellant was a narcotics law violator. The facts in Sansone are quite similar to those in Jones. In Sansone, the two government agents were cognizant of the defendant's name, his destination and where he was coming from. At the very least, they had reasonable grounds to believe that he was the same Sansone who had a previous narcotics conviction of which they had knowledge. Here, of course, the inspector had no background information on the appellant at the time the latter entered the United States.
The preamble to the revision of
Next, the appellant claims that the registration requirements of 1407 should be likened to the demands of the statutes before the Supreme Court in Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 23 L.Ed.2d 57 (1969); Haynes v. United States, 390 U.S. 85, 88 S.Ct. 722, 19 L.Ed.2d 923 (1968); Grosso v. United States, 390 U.S. 62, 88 S.Ct. 709, 19 L.Ed.2d 906 (1968), and Marchetti v. United States, 390 U.S. 39, 88 S.Ct. 697, 19 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), and that, if so construed, the provisions of 1407 would violate his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. In Reyes v. United States, 258 F.2d 774 (9th Cir. 1958), we decided to the contrary and upheld the constitutionality of the statute. Appellant asks that we reexamine Reyes in the light of the recent Supreme Court cases on which he relies. The Reyes' decision was approved by this court as recently as Allen v. Meier, 374 F.2d 447 (9th Cir. 1967). However, it must be noted that both Reyes and Allen were decided prior to Leary and the Marchetti trilogy.
It is our view that the provisions of 1407 might well be equated with the legislation requiring written order forms1 in Minor v. United States and Buie v. United States, 396 U.S. 87, 90 S.Ct. 284, 24 L.Ed.2d 283 (1969). In Minor and Buie, the Supreme Court emphasized the predicament which confronted the purchaser of marihuana in Leary,2 and the alternate choices in the trilogy. The court stressed the point that in order to avoid the federal penalty, the purchaser was forced to incriminate himself under other laws. No such problem confronted the appellant in this case, and neither the registrational requirement nor the certificate provisions of 1407, in any way, forced the appellant to incriminate himself. The statute before us was enacted to facilitate the control of the international traffic in narcotic drugs. There is nothing in the history of the legislation which would indicate a Congressional intent that it should be used to obtain evidence against those who might be engaged in unlawful transactions. As emphasized by Justice Brennan in his specially concurring opinion in Grosso and Marchetti, the exact opposite was true of the legislation there before the court.3 The element of coercive intent, so clearly evident in the legislation before the court in Marchetti, Grosso and similar cases, simply does not exist in 1407, or in the regulation implementing the statute. For that matter, the regulation was obviously promulgated to assist a known addict or violator to avoid trouble, rather than to obtain evidence against him. Had appellant complied with the law requiring registration upon reentry, such compliance would have precluded prosecution for illegal departure.
In Witt v. United States, 413 F.2d 303 (9th Cir. 1969), cert. denied
United States v. Rosenson, 291 F.Supp. 874 (E.D.La.1968), supports appellant's position. However, that case was decided before the Supreme Court analyzed Leary and the Marchetti trio in Minor and Buie. Likewise, the district court of Louisiana did not have the benefit of our analysis of those cases in Witt. Additionally, we do not agree with Rosenson's conclusion that a citizen, such as appellant, reentering the United States without a certificate would be waving the incriminating red flag of guilt in the face of the prosecuting officials. Obviously, the revision of
We decline to overrule or modify our decisions in Reyes v. United States, supra, and Allen v. Meier, supra.
Finally, appellant argues that knowledge of the requirements of 1407 is an essential element of the offense. This contention is in direct conflict with the holding in Reyes v. United States, supra. Appellant relies upon Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225, 78 S.Ct. 240 (1957) and United States v. Mancuso, 420 F.2d 556 (2d Cir. 1970). In discussing Lambert, the author of our opinion in Reyes said: 'We readily distinguish the Lambert case and hold that it is not applicable to the registration provisions of 18 U.S.C. 1407 for the following reasons.' He then goes on to differentiate between the non-feasance involved in Lambert and the mis-feasance involved in Reyes, and the wide distinction between the act of a citizen of the United States entering one of its cities as viewed in Lambert and the act of a citizen of the United States departing to a foreign land and returning to this country under the factual background in Reyes.5 We concede that Mancuso supports the principle argued by appellant. The author of Mancuso recognized that Reyes was in direct conflict with his conclusions.6 Simply stated, the author of Mancuso declined to follow the analysis of Lambert and the logic employed in Reyes. To disagree with the decisions of one circuit is a privilege which may be exercised by others. Even though we were inclined to follow the conclusions in Mancuso, which we are not, we would not turn a cold shoulder upon and, in effect, overrule a relevant decision of our own circuit.
Finding no error, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
* The Honorable William M. Byrne, District Judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California, sitting by designation
1 26 U.S.C. 4705(a). Minor v. United States. 26 U.S.C. 4742(a). Buie v. United States
2 'The vice of the statute in that case (Leary)-- as in Marchetti v. United States, 390 U.S. 39, 88 S.Ct. 697, 19 L.Ed.2d 889; Grosso v. United States, 390 U.S. 62, 88 S.Ct. 709, 19 L.Ed.2d 906 and Haynes v. United States, 390 U.S. 85, 88 S.Ct. 722, 19 L.Ed.2d 923-- (1968): stemmed from the dilemma which confronted the buyer.'
3 'Whatever else Congress may have meant to achieve, an obvious purpose of this statutory system clearly was to coerce evidence from persons engaged in illegal activities for use in their prosecution.' 390 U.S., p. 74, 88 S.Ct. p. 717
4 Sections of the Tariff Act of 1930 mentioned in the opinion
5 'We believe the act, after conviction or addiction, of crossing into Mexico and attempting to return 'alerts the doer' and is attended by circumstances which 'move one to inquire as to the necessity of registration." 258 F.2d 784
6 'The only other Circuit court decision urged by the government, Reyes v. United States, 258 F.2d 774 (9th Cir. 1958), does appear contra the position taken here.' 420 F.2d Footnote 4, page 558
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This document cites
- U.S. Code - Title 18: Crimes and Criminal Procedure - [Secs. 1401 to 1407. Repealed. Pub. L. 91-513, title III, Sec. 1101(b)(1)(A), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292]
- U.S. Code - Title 19: Customs Duties - 19 USC 1484 - Sec. 1484. Entry of merchandise
- U.S. Supreme Court - Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6 (1969)
- U.S. Supreme Court - Minor v. United States, 396 U.S. 87 (1969)
- U.S. Supreme Court - Marchetti v. United States, 390 U.S. 39 (1968)
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